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GHK-CU
GHK-CU

GHK-CU

Overview: GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring tripeptide–copper complex originally identified in human plasma. Endogenous levels gradually decrease with age, making it a molecule of interest in research involving cellular repair pathways, metalloprotein interactions, and gene-expression regulation.

Mechanistically, GHK-Cu has been examined in two primary research contexts:

  1. Copper Transport & Enzymatic Activity
GHK acts as a high-affinity copper-binding peptide, facilitating copper transfer among proteins and influencing enzymatic and oxidative-stress pathways in experimental systems.
  2. Gene Expression Modulation
In laboratory settings, GHK-Cu has been shown to interact with genomic regulatory networks, influencing thousands of gene-expression patterns associated with cellular signaling, extracellular-matrix activity, and tissue-specific responses.


Research models have explored GHK-Cu in relation to collagen synthesis, fibroblast behavior, antioxidant responses, cellular communication, and metalloprotein biology.

  1. Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. Regenerative and protective actions of GHK-Cu peptide in light of new gene data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7):1987. DOI
  2. Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK peptide as a natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration. BioMed Res Int. 2015;2015:648108. DOI
  3. Abdulghani AA, et al. Effects of topical creams containing vitamin C, copper-binding peptide, and melatonin vs tretinoin on normal skin. Dis Manag Clin Outcomes. 1998;1(4):136-141.
  4. Dou Y, Lee A, Zhu L, Morton J, Ladiges W. The potential of GHK as an anti-aging peptide. Aging Pathobiol Ther. 2020;2(1):1-5. DOI
  5. Pickart L, Margolina A. Effect of GHK-Cu on stem cell actions and gene expression. OBM Geriatrics. 2018;2(3):009. DOI

*Summaries reflect preclinical, in-vitro, and experimental model findings only.

  • Extracellular Matrix & Fibroblast Studies: GHK-Cu has been widely used in research exploring collagen, elastin, decorin, and glycosaminoglycan expression in cultured fibroblasts and other cell types.
  • Copper-Dependent Enzymatic Pathways: Studies have evaluated GHK-Cu’s role in modulating enzymes involved in oxidative-stress responses and cellular metabolism.
  • Cellular Signaling Investigations: GHK-Cu is frequently used as a model molecule to study gene pathways related to tissue remodeling, cellular adhesion, and protein turnover.
  • Antioxidant-Related Activity (In-Vitro): Experimental models have examined GHK-Cu’s behavior in free-radical assays and redox-related environments.
  • Genomic Regulation Research: Studies have identified shifts in gene-expression profiles when GHK-Cu is introduced in controlled laboratory settings, offering insight into pathways associated with cellular communication and homeostasis.

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