Melanotan 1 (Afamelanotide) is a synthetic analog of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). It functions as a melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) agonist, which has been shown in research to stimulate eumelanin production in melanocytes.

Formulation:
• Controlled-release subcutaneous implant (16 mg) is the FDA-approved form for its indicated use.

Mechanistic Background
Based on the known pharmacology of MC1R activation:

• MC1R Activation on Melanocytes
→ Stimulates eumelanin synthesis
→ Produces a “sunless” tanning effect (melanin production independent of UV exposure)
• Cellular Protective Pathways
Research notes antioxidant effects, support for DNA repair pathways, and potential modulation of skin inflammatory responses.

Clinical Context
Melanotan 1, as afamelanotide, is FDA-approved specifically for erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) to reduce the risk of phototoxic reactions caused by sunlight exposure.

This is the first FDA-approved therapy addressing EPP-related phototoxicity.