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Pinealon
Pinealon

Pinealon

Pinealon (Glu–Asp–Arg) is a synthetic tripeptide (L-glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid, L-arginine) described in scientific literature as a peptide bioregulator. Research indicates that Pinealon can cross cellular and nuclear membranes, enabling interaction with DNA and modulation of gene expression in experimental systems.
These properties have made it a subject of investigation in studies examining cellular stress responses, oxidative pathways, and apoptosis signaling.

Mechanism of Action
(Describes mechanisms observed in published research — NOT effects of this product.)

  • Modulates MAPK/ERK signaling pathways in experimental models.
  • Enhances expression of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD2 and GPX1.
  • Regulates transcription factors involved in oxidative stress responses (PPARA, PPARG) and apoptotic proteins (e.g., caspase-3).
  • Reduces markers of oxidative stress and excitotoxicity in preclinical studies.


Tissue Specificity (Research Context)

  • Nervous System: Studied for neuroprotective and cognitive signaling pathways.
  • Systemic Models: Investigated for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects at the cellular level.

Clinical References

  1. Arutjunyan, A.E., et al. (2012). Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hypoxia. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 5(2), 179–185.
  2. Meshchaninov, V.N., et al. (2015). Effect of synthetic peptides on aging of patients with chronic polypathy and brain syndrome of the CNS. Advances in Gerontology, 28(1), 62–67. DOI: 10.5937/0957705511000015
  3. Khavinson, V., et al. (2020). ER Peptide: Possible Mechanism of Gene Expression Regulation & its Implication in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Protein Synthesis, 28(1), 315–331.
  4. Molekivskaya, M., et al. (2013). EP155 effect of bioregulatory tripeptides on the culture of skin cells from young and old rats. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 152(3), 357–361.
  5. Kovalsan, V.I., et al. (2011). Pinealon reduces free radical levels and activates antioxidant processes. Physiology Research, 14(5), 535–541.

*The following findings are derived solely from animal and in-vitro research. They do not imply effects in human subjects.

  • Oxidative Stress Models: Pinealon reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and mitigated hypoxic cell death in experimental systems (Arutjunyan et al., 2012).
  • Cognitive Signaling: Research reports improvements in spatial learning and memory performance in rodent models undergoing chronic stress (Meshchaninov et al., 2015).
  • Excitotoxicity Resistance: Studies show increased neuronal survival during oxygen deprivation or elevated glutamate exposure.
  • Apoptosis Pathways: Modulated caspase-3 expression and reduced signals associated with programmed cell death.
  • Circadian Studies: Associated with stabilization of sleep–wake gene expression patterns in research animals.
  • Telomere-related Pathways: Increased irisin expression, which correlates with telomere-associated biomarkers.
  • Inflammatory Signaling: Downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines in cellular models.
  • Serotonin Pathways: Increased tryptophan hydroxylase activity in brain tissue, supporting serotonin synthesis in preclinical studies.
  • Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Models: Experimental data show enhanced cognitive performance after TBI in rodent systems.

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