Thymosin Alpha 1

Thymosin Alpha 1 (Tα1) is a 28-amino acidimmunomodulatory peptide originally derived fromthymic tissue. Its synthetic analog, thymalfasin(Zadaxin), is FDA-approved for orphan indicationssuch as malignant melanoma, chronic hepatitis B,DiGeorge syndrome, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Tα1 is an intrinsically disordered protein, adopting aflexible two-helical structure with an unstructuredloop under specific conditions, allowingpromiscuous binding to multiple cellular targets. Itacts as a cellular sensor, modulating immuneresponses in diverse physiological and pathologicalcontexts.

T-cell Maturation: Increases CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts and functionality
COVID-19 Support: Improved survival and T-cell recovery in severe cases
Cancer Outcomes: Enhanced survival in hepatocellular carcinoma; tumor cell apoptosis
Vaccine response: Increased immunogenicity in elderly populations
Chronic hepatitis B: Supports HBeAg seroconversion and viral suppression
NK Cell Activation: Increased tumor cell clearance
Antioxidant Effects: Reduced oxidative stress in tissues
Sepsis Support: Improved monocyte function and reduced mortality
Dendritic Cell Activation: Enhanced antigen presentation and immune priming
Safety Profile: Minimal adverse effects; well-tolerated in diverse populations

Liu, Y., et al. (2020). Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 26(47), 7575–7589. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i47.7575
Liu, Y., et al. (2020). Thymosin Alpha 1 reduces mortality in severe COVID-19 by restoration of lymphocytopenia. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(16), 2150–2157. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa630
Wu, J., et al. (2021). Thymosin alpha-1 therapy improves postoperative survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. International Journal of Cancer, 148(5), 1267–1278. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33386
King, R., et al. (2016). Immune modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 treatment. Vitamins and Hormones, 102, 151–178. DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.003
Romani, L., et al. (2024). Phenotypic drug discovery: a case for Thymosin Alpha 1. Frontiers in Medicine, 11, 1388959. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1388959

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