Thymosin Alpha 1 | Thymulin

Thymosin α1 (Tα1): A 28–amino acid peptide that enhances T-cell maturation (CD4⁺/CD8⁺), activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells, and amplifies innate immune signaling via toll-like receptors (TLR-2, TLR-9) on dendritic cells and monocytes. It also downregulates excessive inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) to reduce pathological inflammation.

Thymulin: A zinc-dependent nonapeptide hormone secreted by thymic epithelial cells that supports T-cell differentiation, NK cell activity, and neuroimmune crosstalk. Thymulin follows a circadian rhythm and modulates hypothalamic-pituitary activity (e.g., ACTH levels), exerting anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects via suppression of p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways.

Immune Boost: Enhances T-cell counts, cytotoxic function, and immune surveillance
Inflammation Control: Reduces chronic inflammation and modulates cytokine profiles
Viral Defense: Promotes antiviral immunity, reduces viral replication, and improves infection outcomes
Balanced Immunity: Boosts weak immune responses while preventing overactivation
Neuroimmune Support: Reduces neuroinflammation and supports hypothalamic-pituitary axis function
Recovery Enhancement: Accelerates healing from infections, chronic disease, and immunosuppressed states

Tao, N., et al. (2023). Thymosin α1 and Its Role in Viral Infectious Diseases: Mechanism and Clinical Application. Molecules, 28(8), 3539. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083539
Santos, M., Henriques-Coelho, T., & Leite-Moreira, A. (2010). Immunomodulatory role of thymulin in lung diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets, 14(2), 131–141. DOI: 10.1517/14728220903512991
Reggiani, P.C., Schwerdt, J.I., Cónsole, G.M., et al. (2014). Physiology and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(29), 4690–4696. DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140130211157
Dominari, A., Hathaway, D. III, Pandav, K., et al. (2020). Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World Journal of Virology, 9(5), 67–78. DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v9.i5.67

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